Combined transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and low-level laser photobiomodulation for postoperative pain after cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial

Introduction

Postoperative pain after cesarean section may delay recovery and impair function. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and low-level laser photobiomodulation (PBM) are used for pain control, but the additional effect of combining these therapies remains unclear. This study investigated this effect.

Methods