Advances in Single-Cell and Spatial Omics for Glioblastoma Precision Medicine

Purpose of review: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and fatal primary malignant brain tumour in adults, characterised by extensive intra-tumour heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration into surrounding brain tissue. Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, patient prognosis remains poor, underscoring the critical need for improved biological insight to guide precision medicine potential strategies. Although traditional bulk genomic and transcriptomic analyses have made a substantial contribution to understanding glioblastoma pathophysiology, such average molecular signals across cell populations obscures tumour microenvironment influence and clinically significant cellular states.