Longitudinal associations between parental trauma-related symptoms and adolescent emotion regulation: a three-wave dyadic analysis

Introduction

Intergenerational trauma research has often treated transmission as unidirectional and static, overlooking dyadic and reciprocal processes. This study applied a three-wave longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) to examine bidirectional associations between parental trauma-related symptoms and adolescent emotion regulation (ER) difficulties.