Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on patient-reported outcomes in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis

Background

Growing evidence suggests that central nervous system alterations may contribute to the persistence of chronic low back pain (CLBP). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can effectively modulate cortical excitability and holds considerable potential for the rehabilitation of CLBP. However, evidence regarding its effects remains controversial.