End-to-end film-based characterization of gated delivery latencies in a spot-scanned synchrotron-based proton therapy system

Background

Temporal mismatches between gating signals and beam activation-beam-on and beam-off latencies-in gated particle beam therapy can compromise dose integrity. Yet standardized measurement techniques are lacking, and system-specific characterization, particularly for synchrotron-based proton systems, remains limited.