Developing a systems-based programme theory for reducing night-time interactive electronic device use and improving sleep among adolescents

Background

Adolescent night-time use of interactive electronic devices (IEDs) is increasingly linked to poor sleep, mental health challenges, and reduced academic performance. However, existing interventions often overlook the complex systems shaping these behaviours. This study presents a first-of-its-kind systems-based programme theory for CLOCK OFF - a peer influence intervention aimed at reducing night-time IED use and improving adolescent sleep - created through novel participatory mapping activities and analyses, which involved adolescents, parents and teachers.