Mobility hinders malaria elimination goals in the Brazilian Amazon

Introduction

Human mobility across the Brazilian Amazon-shaped by frontier development, land-use change, mining activity, and climatic shocks-remains a major barrier to malaria elimination. Brazil aims to eliminate Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) by 2030 and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) by 2035, yet malaria incidence has plateaued since 2020. We quantify parasite-specific mobility and assess how importations drive malaria reintroduction and reestablishment in areas approaching elimination.