Green-synthesized nanoparticles for glass ionomer cement reinforcement: a systematic review of their antimicrobial, mechanical, and physicochemical properties

Aims

This systematic review critically evaluates the antimicrobial performance, mechanical properties, and fluoride release of glass ionomer cements (GICs) modified exclusively with green-synthesized nanoparticles. The review highlights how eco-friendly nanoparticle production influences material behavior and clinical applicability.