Peran Planetary Health Diet dalam Pencegahan Primer Kanker Kolorektal dan Relevansinya terhadap Pola Pangan Indonesia: Tinjauan Literatur

Abstract: Colorectal cancer is a major health burden in Indonesia. Diet is a modifiable risk factor, including red and processed meat consumption and low fiber intake. This structured narrative review evaluated the role of the planetary health diet in primary prevention of colorectal cancer and its relevance to Indonesian dietary patterns. Literature searches were conducted through July 2026 using PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink, supplemented by backward citation searching and official institutional sources. There were 26 sources included, comprising 19 journal articles and seven official documents. Cohort studies generally reported a lower colorectal cancer risk with greater adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet, whereas recent meta-analyses yielded inconsistent estimates. Potential mechanisms included higher fiber intake and butyrate production and reduced exposure to carcinogenic compounds associated with processed meat and high-temperature cooking. Red meat may still contributed high-quality protein and key micronutrients when consumed in appropriate amounts. In conclusion, the planetary health diet may support colorectal cancer prevention, but its application in Indonesia should consider nutritional adequacy, diversity of protein sources, and local food availability. Keywords: planetary health diet; EAT-Lancet; colorectal cancer; primary prevention; Indonesian dietary pattern Abstrak: Kanker kolorektal merupakan salah satu keganasan dengan beban kesehatan yang tinggi di Indonesia. Pola makan merupakan faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi, termasuk konsumsi daging merah dan daging olahan serta rendahnya asupan serat. Tinjauan naratif terstruktur ini bertujuan mengevaluasi peran planetary health diet dalam pencegahan primer kanker kolorektal dan relevansinya terhadap pola pangan Indonesia. Penelusuran dilakukan hingga Juli 2026 melalui PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, dan SpringerLink, disertai penelusuran sitasi balik dan sumber institusi resmi. Sebanyak 26 sumber digunakan, terdiri atas 19 artikel jurnal dan tujuh dokumen resmi. Studi kohort menunjukkan kecenderungan risiko kanker kolorektal yang lebih rendah pada kepatuhan EAT-Lancet diet yang lebih tinggi, tetapi hasil meta-analisis terbaru belum sepenuhnya konsisten. Mekanisme potensial meliputi peningkatan asupan serat dan produksi butirat serta berkurangnya paparan senyawa karsinogenik dari daging olahan dan pemasakan suhu tinggi. Daging merah tetap dapat berkontribusi sebagai sumber protein dan mikronutrien bila dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang sesuai. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah planetary health diet berpotensi mendukung pencegahan kanker kolorektal, tetapi penerapannya di Indonesia perlu disesuaikan dengan kecukupan gizi, keragaman sumber protein, dan pangan lokal. Kata kunci: planetary health diet; EAT-Lancet; kanker kolorektal; pencegahan primer; pola pangan Indonesia