Antisperm Antibody Positivity and Semen Quality Phenotypes Among Infertile Men in Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Background

Antisperm antibodies (ASA) are recognized as a potential immunological factor in male infertility; however, their prevalence and clinical correlates remain incompletely characterized in Middle Eastern populations. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of clinically significant ASA positivity and investigate its associations with demographic, clinical, and semen characteristics among infertile men in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.