Treatment-Stratified Immune–Inflammatory Trajectories and Early Response in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Receiving Systemic Therapy

Background

Systemic therapy outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain heterogeneous, and treatment selection is still largely guided by clinical eligibility rather than dynamic biologic response. We evaluated whether accessible standard-of-care immunophenotypic and immune–inflammatory markers, tumor-marker kinetics, and immune-context variables could generate treatment-stratified early response signals.