Hydroxychloroquine therapy and its impact on bone mineral density among systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A cross-sectional study

Background and objectives: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at increased risk of osteoporosis due to chronic inflammation, prolonged glucocorticoid (GC) exposure, and treatment-related factors. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a cornerstone of SLE therapy, has shown conflicting effects on bone health. This study examined the association between HCQ use and bone mineral density (BMD) in SLE.