Cardiovascular Foundations — Questions

Select all correct statements about cardiac output in this basic model.

• It is heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
• It represents volume pumped per unit time
• It is the sum of heart rate and stroke volume
• It is identical to the residual end-systolic volume

Which quantity is the volume ejected by a ventricle in one beat?

• End-systolic volume
• Cardiac output
• End-diastolic volume
• Stroke volume

Which change most directly represents an increase in preload?

• Greater arterial opposition to ejection alone
• Longer conduction through the AV node alone
• Greater end-diastolic myocardial stretch
• A valve's number of cusps

In a physiology teaching model, arterial opposition to ventricular ejection increases while initial filling is held constant.

Explain why increased ventricular filling within physiological limits can increase stroke volume without requiring a different pacemaker rate.